Men’s participation in unpaid care - A review of the literature
CONTENTS
1.1 Language frames the debate
1.2 The role of culture
1.3 Men and care: the current picture
1.4 Perspectives on men as parents
1.5 Men as non-parental carers
1.6 Outsourcing and paid care
2. Impacts of Men’s Participation in Care
2.1 Fathers’ care of children
2.2 Participation in care and labour force participation
2.3 Men’s care, wellbeing and work-life balance for men and women
2.4 Economic implications of men’s participation in care
3. Barriers to Men’s Greater Participation in Care
3.1 Biology and the time around the first birth as a critical juncture for care
3.2 Workplace factors
3.3 Government policy and law
3.4 Non-resident fathers
3.5 Women can be a barrier to men’s participation in care
3.6 Attitudes and skills of professional services
3.7 The support of fathers in settings such as Playcentre and playgroups
3.8 Structural barriers to men’s greater participation in care
3.9 Culture and ideology
4. Supports for Men’s Greater Participation in Care
4.1 Working arrangements that support men’s participation in care
4.2 Leave policies to support men’s participation in care
4.3 Other policies to increase men’s participation in care
4.4 The role of the state in supporting men as carers
4.5 Education, income and decision-making in child-rearing couples: looking forward
5. Implications for New Zealand, Conclusions and Areas for Further Work
5.1 Implications for New Zealand – what is the goal?
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Areas for further work
BibliographyLIST OF TABLES and FIGURES
Table 1: Numbers and proportions of men and women providing care for others, Census 2006
Table 2: Time use data 1999, average minutes per day
Figure 1: Time spent in care by age and gender
Figure 2: Time spent in care by age, gender and ethnicity
Figure 3: Men not in the labour force, looking after children
Figure 4: Dual job couples 1986–2008, by number of children
Table 4: Relationship of care recipients to working carers, by gender of recipients
Table 5: Percentage of older men providing care, 2006 Census data
Figure 5: Long-term employment rates for women and men aged 15 and older, 1956–2008
Table 6: Gender distribution across occupations, 2006
Table 7: Gender breakdown of selected occupations, 2006
Figure 6: Median hourly wage and salary earnings, by age and sex, June 2007
