Settlement Patterns and the Geographic Mobility of Recent Migrants to New Zealand

Appendix TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Migrants and the New Zealand-Born in 1996 and 2001
Table 2: Attrition from the Census of Recent Migrants in 1996
Table 3: The Geographic Concentration of Migrants and the New Zealand-Born in 1986, 1996 and 2001
Table 4: Five-Year Mobility for Earlier Migrants and the New Zealand-Born in 1986, 1996 and 2001
Table 5: Characteristics of LMAs in which New and Recent Migrants Reside and Characteristics of all LMAs (Means and Standard Deviations)
Table 6: Conditional Logit Estimates of the Choice of Settlement LMA for Recent Migrants (Marginal Effects and Standard Errors)
Table 7: Conditional Logit Estimates of the Choice of Resettlement LMA for Earlier Migrants (Marginal Effects and Standard Errors)
Table 8: Conditional Logit Estimates of the Choice of LMA for Recent and Earlier Migrants (Marginal Effects and Standard Errors)

Figure 1: Relative Proportion of Population of Recent Migrants to Proportion of Population of New Zealand-Born (Darker Shaded Areas Have Greater Concentrations of Recent Migrants)

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Migrants and the New Zealand-Born in 1996 and 2001

	1996		2001
	Recent Migrants	New Zealand-Born	Recent Migrants	New Zealand-Born
Female	51%	51%	53%	51%
30-34	33%	24%	31%	21%
35-39	26%	23%	27%	22%
40-44	21%	20%	21%	21%
45-49	14%	19%	13%	19%
50-54	6%	14%	8%	17%
No Qualifications	15%	35%	6%	27%
School Qualifications	21%	29%	39%	36%
Post-School Qualifications	20%	26%	19%	25%
Degree Qualifications	44%	10%	36%	12%
European/Pakeha	45%	83%	43%	83%
Maori	0.1%	15%	0.1%	15%
Pacific Islander	4%	1.0%	7%	1.4%
Asian	46%	0.6%	44%	0.6%
Other	5%	0.1%	6%	0.1%
Male Employment Rate	65%	87%	73%	87%
Female Employment Rate	42%	71%	52%	75%
Male Average Income	33,000	39,800	37,300	45,200
Female Average Income	13,900	20,400	19,800	25,900
Male FT Wage/Salary Avg Inc	48,600	42,300	49,300	48,400
Female FT Wage/Salary Avg Inc	29,200	29,300	34,800	35,500
Lives in Akl, Wlg, ChCh	69%	35%	70%	35%
Australia	6%		5%
Pacific Islands	5%		11%
British Isles	18%		17%
Western Europe	4%		3%
Northern Europe	0.6%		0.4%
Southern Europe	0.4%		0.3%
South-Eastern Europe	4%		2%
Eastern Europe	2%		2%
North Africa, Middle East	3%		4%
South-East Asia	7%		8%
North-East Asia	30%		21%
Southern and Central Asia	7%		9%
North America	5%		4%
Central and South America	0.7%		0.8%
Sub-Saharan Africa	7%		13%
Percent of Population	4%	79%	5%	77%
Individuals	51,621	946,506	68,715	997,950

Note: Recent migrants first arrived in New Zealand in the five years prior to the census. Variables definition are discussed in more detail in the paper.

Table 2: Attrition from the Census of Recent Migrants in 1996

	Recent Migrants in 1996	Earlier Migrants in 2001
Female	51%	53%
30-34 in 1996	33%	33%
35-39 in 1996	26%	26%
40-44 in 1996	21%	21%
45-49 in 1996	14%	14%
50-54 in 1996	6%	6%
No Qualifications	15%	8%
School Qualifications	21%	42%
Post-School Qualifications	20%	16%
Degree Qualifications	44%	34%
European/Pakeha	45%	44%
Maori	0.1%	0.1%
Pacific Islander	4%	4%
Asian	46%	47%
Other	5%	5%
Australia	6%	5%
Pacific Islands	5%	7%
British Isles	18%	19%
Western Europe	4%	4%
Northern Europe	0.6%	0.5%
Southern Europe	0.4%	0.4%
South Eastern Europe	4%	3%
Eastern Europe	2%	2%
North Africa, Recent East	3%	3%
South East Asia	7%	8%
North East Asia	30%	31%
Southern and Central Asia	7%	6%
North America	5%	3%
Central and South America	0.7%	0.6%
Sub-Saharan Africa	7%	7%
Percent of Original Population		71%
Individuals	51,615	36,729

Note: Recent migrants first arrived in New Zealand in the five years prior to the census. Earlier migrants first arrived in New Zealand between five and ten years prior to the census.

Table 3: The Geographic Concentration of Migrants and the New Zealand-Born in 1986, 1996 and 2001

Table 3a -The Geographic Concentration of Migrants and the New Zealand-Born in 1986

Herfindahl Indices	Recent Migrants	Earlier Migrants	New Zealand Born
Overall	0.12	0.13	0.06
Male	0.11	0.13	0.06
Female	0.12	0.13	0.06
30-34	0.12	0.13	0.06
35-39	0.11	0.12	0.06
40-44	0.12	0.13	0.06
45-49	0.13	0.13	0.06
50-54	0.12	0.14	0.05
No Qualifications	0.15	0.16	0.05
School Qualifications	0.12	0.14	0.06
Post-School Qualifications	0.11	0.11	0.06
Degree Qualifications	0.12	0.11	0.10
European/Pakeha	0.11	0.11	0.06
Maori	NA	NA	0.05
Pacific Islander	0.27	0.27	0.16
Asian	0.12	0.13	0.13
Other	0.12	0.13	0.10
Australia	0.10	0.09
Pacific Islands	0.25	0.26
British Isles	0.11	0.12
Western Europe	0.09	0.10
Northern Europe	0.13	0.09
Southern Europe	0.19	0.18
South-Eastern Europe	0.25	0.15
Eastern Europe	0.18	0.17
North Africa, Recent East	0.13	0.12
South-East Asia	0.12	0.13
North-East Asia	0.12	0.13
Southern and Central Asia	0.12	0.16
North America	0.11	0.11
Central and South America	0.14	0.13
Sub-Saharan Africa	0.13	0.12
Percent of Population	2%	2%	80%
Individuals	19,983	18,078	780,903

Table 3b - The Geographic Concentration of Migrants and the New Zealand-Born in 1996

Herfindahl Indices	Recent Migrants	Earlier Migrants	New Zealand Born
Overall	0.21	0.18	0.06
Male	0.21	0.19	0.06
Female	0.21	0.18	0.06
30-34	0.20	0.19	0.06
35-39	0.21	0.18	0.06
40-44	0.22	0.18	0.06
45-49	0.23	0.19	0.06
50-54	0.20	0.20	0.06
No Qualifications	0.22	0.23	0.05
School Qualifications	0.23	0.21	0.07
Post-School Qualifications	0.19	0.16	0.06
Degree Qualifications	0.21	0.15	0.11
European/Pakeha	0.15	0.12	0.06
Maori	NA	NA	0.05
Pacific Islander	0.26	0.32	0.18
Asian	0.28	0.22	0.14
Other	0.23	0.20	0.10
Australia	0.11	0.10
Pacific Islands	0.27	0.31
British Isles	0.15	0.14
Western Europe	0.10	0.10
Northern Europe	0.15	0.18
Southern Europe	0.20	0.16
South-Eastern Europe	0.36	0.26
Eastern Europe	0.26	0.18
North Africa, Recent East	0.26	0.21
South-East Asia	0.19	0.21
North-East Asia	0.32	0.26
Southern and Central Asia	0.26	0.17
North America	0.13	0.12
Central and South America	0.17	0.19
Sub-Saharan Africa	0.18	0.15
Percent of Population	4%	3%	79%
Individuals	51,621	41,589	946,506

Table 3 - The Geographic Concentration of Migrants and the New Zealand-Born in 2001

Herfindahl Indices	Recent Migrants	Earlier Migrants	New Zealand Born
Overall	0.21	0.20	0.06
Male	0.21	0.21	0.06
Female	0.21	0.20	0.06
30-34	0.21	0.19	0.07
35-39	0.21	0.20	0.06
40-44	0.22	0.20	0.06
45-49	0.21	0.22	0.06
50-54	0.20	0.23	0.06
No Qualifications	0.23	0.22	0.05
School Qualifications	0.22	0.22	0.07
Post-School Qualifications	0.19	0.17	0.06
Degree Qualifications	0.22	0.21	0.11
European/Pakeha	0.15	0.14	0.07
Maori	NA	NA	0.05
Pacific Islander	0.31	0.29	0.19
Asian	0.28	0.29	0.16
Other	0.23	0.24	0.15
Australia	0.12	0.09
Pacific Islands	0.32	0.30
British Isles	0.13	0.13
Western Europe	0.10	0.09
Northern Europe	0.15	0.13
Southern Europe	0.21	0.18
South-Eastern Europe	0.34	0.34
Eastern Europe	0.29	0.23
North Africa, Recent East	0.27	0.27
South-East Asia	0.23	0.21
North-East Asia	0.30	0.33
Southern and Central Asia	0.31	0.24
North America	0.12	0.11
Central and South America	0.15	0.23
Sub-Saharan Africa	0.22	0.18
Percent of Population	5%	3%	77%
Individuals	68,718	44,061	997,947

Note: Recent migrants first arrived in New Zealand in the five years prior to the census. Earlier migrants first arrived in New Zealand between five and ten years prior to the census. The Herfindahl index is calculated as where is the share of group i that is located in LMA j, in year in year t. There are very few migrants with Maori ethnicity, thus these entries are suppressed from this table.

Table 4: Five-Year Mobility for Earlier Migrants and the New Zealand-Born in 1986, 1996 and 2001

	1986		1996		2001
	Earlier Migrants	New Zealand Born	Earlier Migrants	New Zealand Born	Earlier Migrants	New Zealand Born
In Same LMA 5-Years Ago	72%	82%	79%	83%	76%	81%
In Different LMA 5-Years Ago	17%	15%	17%	13%	17%	16%
Overseas 5-Years Ago	10%	3%	4%	4%	7%	3%
Pop w/ Non-Miss LMA 5-Years Ago	17,691	770,160	37,998	874,950	40,905	927,051
% Non-Missing LMA 5-Years Ago	98%	99%	91%	92%	93%	93%
Total Population	18,075	780,900	41,589	946,500	44,064	997,950

Note: Earlier migrants first arrived in New Zealand between five and ten years prior to the census.

Table 5: Characteristics of LMAs in which New and Recent Migrants Reside and Characteristics of all LMAs (Means and Standard Deviations)

	Recent Migrants		Earlier Migrants		LMA Characteristics
	1996	2001	1996	2001	1996	2001
% of Overall Same Region Population in the LMA	0.18	0.21	0.19	0.21	0.02	0.02
% of Overall Same Region Population in the LMA	(0.12)	(0.15)	(0.13)	(0.16)	(0.05)	(0.05)
% LMA Population Foreign Born	0.26	0.28	0.26	0.28	0.12	0.13
% LMA Population Foreign Born	(0.08)	(0.10)	(0.08)	(0.10)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Employment Rate in LMA	0.75	0.77	0.75	0.77	0.74	0.78
Employment Rate in LMA	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.05)
Mean Log Income of FT Wage/Salary in LMA	10.50	10.39	10.50	10.39	10.32	10.21
Mean Log Income of FT Wage/Salary in LMA	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.13)	(0.12)
Log Mean House Sale Price in LMA	11.79	12.14	11.79	12.14	11.27	11.55
Log Mean House Sale Price in LMA	(0.26)	(0.32)	(0.26)	(0.32)	(0.33)	(0.35)
Log Population in LMA	11.40	11.53	11.34	11.51	9.08	9.15
Log Population in LMA	(1.00)	(1.00)	(1.01)	(1.04)	(1.13)	(1.14)
Population	5,190	6,780	4,152	4,266	58	58

Note: Recent migrants first arrived in New Zealand in the five years prior the census. Earlier migrants first arrived in New Zealand between five and ten years prior to the census. All characteristics are measured in the previous census (e.g. five years previous). The first two panels show weighted averages, weighted by the number of recent and earlier migrants, respectively. The third panel shows unweighted averages across LMAs. These estimates are based on approximate 10% samples of recent and earlier migrants.

Table 6: Conditional Logit Estimates of the Choice of Settlement LMA for Recent Migrants (Marginal Effects and Standard Errors)

	(1)	(2)	(3)
% of Overall Same Region Population	0.105*	0.089*	0.002
% of Overall Same Region Population	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)
% Population Foreign Born	-0.116*	-0.103*	0.015*
% Population Foreign Born	(0.033)	(0.031)	(0.005)
Employment Rate	0.051	-0.032*	0.016
Employment Rate	(0.039)	(0.003)	(0.008)
Mean Log Income of FT Wage/Salary	-0.006	-0.003*	-0.005
Mean Log Income of FT Wage/Salary	(0.025)	(0.001)	(0.003)
Log Mean House Sale Price	-0.009	-0.005	-0.005
Log Mean House Sale Price	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.003)
Log Population	0.027*	0.019	0.009*
Log Population	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.001)
Covariates Calculated for the:	Population	Region of Birth	Age-Qual Group
Observations	694,260	636,306	693,045
Individuals	11,970	11,970	11,970

Note: All characteristics are measured in the previous census (ie five years previous). Employment rates and mean log incomes, in addition to the percent of same region population, are region of birth specific in specification (2). In specification (3), all variables are specific to a particular age-qualification group, except the mean house sale price. Each specification also includes LMA fixed effects.
* significant at 5% level

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