DEVELOPING A NEW ZEALAND SETTLEMENT KNOWLEDGE BASE:

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5 NEW ZEALAND SETTLEMENT STRATEGY INDICATORS

This section presents work undertaken to date on identifying an initial series of indicators relating to the intermediate level goals of the NZSS. An initial summary table is provided below which presents the indicator areas identified for each of the intermediate goals and indicates whether or not some relevant and available data sources have so far been identified.^[6] It is noted that there is also the potential for new indicator data to be collected as part of an immigration-related survey monitoring programme currently being developed by the Department of Labour.

Table One: Relevant indicator areas identified for the NZSS intermediate level goals
NZSS Intermediate Level Goal	Indicator areas - some information identified	Indicator areas - information yet to be identified / developed
Migrants, refugees and their families are accepted and respected by host communities for their diverse cultural backgrounds and their community interactions are positive	Attitudes towards ethnic/immigrant communities Representation in mass media Social interactions outside group Able to express identity	Public respect for migrants Sense of belonging Intention to stay in NZ Satisfaction with life in NZ Personal assessment of satisfaction with one's achievements and situation in the receiving society
Migrants, refugees and their families obtain employment appropriate to their qualifications and skills and are valued for their contribution to economic transformation and innovation	Labour market participation Underemployment Income levels Welfare receipt	Occupational/industry distribution Match between employment and qualifications/skill levels Quality of employment and job satisfaction Employer attitudes to migrants Barriers to employment Home ownership Household size and composition Perceived issues with obtaining appropriate accommodation Access to home telephone and internet Health
Migrants, refugees and their families become confident using English in a New Zealand settling or are able to access appropriate language support	Engagement in learning and speaking English Availability of ESOL
Migrants, refugees and their families access appropriate information and responsive services that are available in the wider community	Personal assessments of availability, quality and adequacy of assistance programmes and services provided	Settlement initiatives of key government departments in cities and rural areas Level of participation in programmes/ initiatives
Migrants, refugees and their families form supportive social networks and establish a sustainable community identity	Regular contact with family and friends Participation in arts/cultural activities within immigrant communities Membership and involvement in co-ethnic groups, clubs and organisations Language retention and use inside/outside home
Migrants, refugees and their families feel safe within the wider community in which they live	Perceptions of safety Discrimination (perceived and actual)
Migrants, refugees and their families accept and respect the New Zealand way of life and contribute to civic, community and social activities	Unpaid work outside home Active participation in local community Participation in arts/cultural activities Voter registration and voting	Participation in sports teams and leisure Acquisition of citizenship Barriers to participation Involvement in crime

Key issues identified in the investigation of information sources for settlement indicators include that:

the level of disaggregation varies between information sources with most sources able to be disaggregated down to age, gender/sex, place of birth, ethnicity, qualifications and time in New Zealand. However, very few information sources can be disaggregated down to migrant stream/category, English-speaking ability, pre-migration experience, family support or job offer.
information sources outside the Department of Labour are unlikely to distinguish migrants into their different categories (eg investor, family, humanitarian).
currently, regular information is captured for permanent and skilled migrants but not for temporary migrants or refugees.

Table Two below provides further detail about the indicator areas where some information sources have so far been identified. It is recognised that this information, although able to be readily used, is limited in its scope and only provides a partial picture of the settlement area. Further work is to be undertaken to examine its usefulness and limitations, and how it could be presented appropriately in the next phase of the SKB project. Although limited, it does provide a useful starting point for building an overall monitoring approach relating to settlement^[7].

In some indicator areas where partial information is available, suggestions have been made for additional data collection which is yet to be further investigated. These suggestions have also been indicated in Table Two. Further brief information about the surveys is presented in Appendix D.

Table Two: Key information sources for indicator areas where some available data has been identified.

NZSS Intermediate Level Goal: Migrants, refugees and their families are accepted and respected by host communities for their diverse cultural backgrounds and their community interactions are positive
Potential indicator	Source	Question asked
Attitudes of New Zealand residents towards ethnic/immigrant communities	Human Rights Commission Survey Yearly Last run in 2007	Would you say there is a great deal of discrimination, some discrimination, only a little discrimination or none at all against the following? Asians Pacific Recent immigrants Ethnic minorities in general Refugees Which group of people do you think are generally most discriminated in NZ today? Asians Pacific Recent immigrants Ethnic minorities in general Refugees
	Quality of Life Survey Bi-yearly Last run in 2006	New Zealand is becoming home for an increasing number of people with different lifestyles and cultures from different countries. Do you think this makes [City Name].. a much worse place to live a worse place to live Makes no difference A better place to live A much better place to live Why is that? Examples of negative response options include: Lack of integration into NZ society Too many foreigners Why is that? Examples of positive response options include: Diversity is good Good to learn about other cultures
	General Social Survey (GSS) Two yearly First time in 2008	Please choose a response that best expresses how you feel about the following statements: It is good that people in NZ can have different values It is good that people in NZ can have different ways of living It is good for NZ to be made up of different ethnic groups It is good for NZ to have immigrants who are from many different cultures.
	NZ Values Survey Five yearly Last run in 2005	What level of trust do you have in various groups: People from other countries living in NZ People from another religions Which of the following do you think the government should do: Let anyone come who wants to Let people come as long as there are jobs available Place strict limits on the number of foreigners who can come here Prohibit people coming here from other countries When jobs are scarce, should employers give priority to NZers over immigrants?
Representation in mass media	New Zealand on Air/ Creative NZ Human Rights Race Report	To be investigated further
Social interactions outside group (eg intermarriage, inter-ethnic friendship, talking to neighbours)	Quality of Life Survey Bi-yearly Last run in 2006	New Zealand is becoming home for an increasing number of people with different lifestyles and cultures from different countries. Do you think this makes [City Name].. a much worse place to live a worse place to live Makes no difference A better place to live A much better place to live Why is that? Examples of negative response options include: Lack of integration into NZ society/don't mix Inability to communicate/don't speak English
Able to express identity	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	People in New Zealand have different lifestyles, cultures and religions that express their identity. Here is New Zealand, how easy or difficult is it for you to express your own identity? Very easy - very difficult What things make it difficult for you [to express your identity? Examples of response options include: Some people won't accept it I worry about what some people would think I worry about what other people might do

NZSS Intermediate Level Goal: Migrants, refugees and their families obtain employment appropriate to their qualifications and skills and are valued for their contribution to economic transformation and innovation
Potential indicator	Source	Question asked
Labour market participation rates (eg paid employment rates, unemployment rates, employment distribution by occupation and industry, self-employed)	Settlement Experience Feedback Survey (SEFS) Yearly Last run in 2007	Do you currently work for pay or profit in a job, business or farm? Which option best describes your main job? Working for salary or wages An employer of other person(s) in my own business Self-employed and not employing others Working without pay in a family business or farm In your main job, do you usually work for: 30 hours or more per week Less than 30 hours per week What is your occupation? What is your industry?
	Census Data Five yearly Last run in 2006	In the last 7 days, which of these did you do? I worked for pay, profit or income for an hour or more I worked for a family business or family farm without pay I work in a job, business or farm but was not working last week for some reason In that job, which of these were you? A paid employee Self-employed and not employing others An employer of other person(s) in my own business Working in a family business or family farm without pay What is your occupation? What tasks or duties did you spend the most time on? What is the main activity of the business/employer?
	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	During the last seven days, did you have a job, business or farm that you were away from because of sickness, holidays or any other reason? How many jobs do you currently have? Including overtime, how many hours a week did you usually work in your job? What is your occupation? What tasks or duties did you spend the most time on?
Underemployment	SEFS Yearly Last run in 2007	What are the main reasons you are dissatisfied with your main job? Examples of response options include: Not using skills or experience Job is not in preferred occupation
Income levels and median hourly earnings	SEFS Yearly Last run in 2007	What is the annual amount that you earn in your main job before tax is taken out?
	Census Five yearly Last run in 2006	Show all the ways you got income in the last 12 months? Examples of response options include: Waged, salary, commissions, bonuses etc paid by an employer Self-employment or business Interest, dividends, rent, other investments What will the total income be?
	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	What are all the ways that you got income in the last 12 months ending today? Examples of response options include: Waged, salary, commissions, bonuses etc paid by an employer Self-employment or business Interest, dividends, rent, other investments What was your total income?
Welfare receipt	Immigration New Zealand /Ministry of Social Development Administrative Data Yearly	To be investigated further (eg number of newcomers receiving benefits and length of time on benefits)
Welfare receipt	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	What are all the ways that you got income in the last 12 months ending today? Examples of response options include: Unemployment Benefit Domestic Purposes Benefit Invalids Benefit
Discrimination (perceived and actual)	SEFS Yearly Last run in 2007	Since gaining residence or work to residence, have you had any difficulties in getting work in NZ? What was the reason for this difficulty? Examples of response options include: discrimination because of being a migrant
	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	In the last 12 months, have you been treated unfairly or had something nasty done to you because of the group you belong to or seem to belong to? How many times has this happened? What situations were you discriminated about? Examples of response options include: At work or while working Applying for or keeping a job or position Why do you think people discriminated against you when you were in that situation? Examples of response options include: My skin colour My nationality, race or ethnic group The language I speak
	Human Rights Commission	To be investigated further (eg number of complaints made by migrants due to discrimination)

NZSS Intermediate Level Goal: Migrants, refugees and their families become confident using English in a New Zealand setting or are able to access appropriate language support
Potential indicator	Source	Question asked
Engagement in learning and speaking English	Tertiary Education Commission (TEC)	To be investigated further - includes Number and composition of newcomers who attend English language tuition under the English for Migrants Programme
	Ministry of Education - English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL)	To be investigated further - includes Number of grants given to newcomers ESOL provision in schools
	Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) - Citizenship	To be investigated further - includes Assessment of proficiency for citizenship application
	DIA - Language Line	To be investigated further - includes Use of Language Line by newcomer groups
Availability of ESOL	TEC	To be investigated further - includes Number of service providers and course up-take

NZSS Intermediate Level Goal: Migrants, refugees and their families access appropriate information and responsive services that are available in the wider community
Potential indicator	Source	Question asked
Personal assessments of availability, quality and adequacy of assistance programmes and services provided	SEFS Yearly Last run in 2007	In the last twelve months, have you tried to get help from a government or private organisation for any of these things in NZ? Examples of response options include: Looking for work The tax system Getting community or local services (eg rubbish collection) Finding a general practitioner (GP) or family doctor Getting a drivers licence Did you get the help you needed?
	Settlement Support NZ information	To be investigated further includes information from administrative data
	Ministry of Social Development Information	To be investigated further includes information from administrative data

NZSS Intermediate Level Goal: Migrants, refugees and their families form supportive social networks and establish a sustainable community identity
Potential indicator	Source	Question asked
Regular contact with family and friends	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	In the last four weeks, have you seen any family or relatives [who don't live with you]? In the last four weeks, how often have you seen them? Everyday Around 3-6 times a week Around 1-2 times a week At least once in the last four weeks In the last four weeks, have you seen any friends [who don't live with you]? In the last four weeks, how often have you seen them? Everyday Around 3-6 times a week Around 1-2 times a week Around once a fortnight At least once in the last four weeks
Participation in cultural and arts activities within immigrant communities	SEFS Yearly Last run in 2007	What social clubs or groups are you involved in? Examples of response options include: Ethnic association Cultural/hobby group
Membership and involvement in co-ethnic groups, clubs and organisations	SEFS Yearly Last run in 2007	What social clubs or groups are you involved in? Examples of response options include: Ethnic association Cultural/hobby group
Language retention and use inside/outside home	Census Five yearly Last run in 2006	In which languages could you have a conversation about a lot of everyday things? English Maori Samoan NZ Sign Language Other language (give example)

NZSS Intermediate Level Goal: Migrants, refugees and their families feel safe within the wider community in which they live
Potential indicator	Source	Question asked
Perceptions of safety	Quality of Life Survey Bi-yearly Last run in 2006	Please tell me how safe or unsafe you would feel in the following situations: In your home during the day In your neighbourhood after dark Walking along in your neighbourhood after dark In your city centre during the day In your city centre after dark? Why is that? Examples of response options include: Dark/poor lighting People who are dangerous to be around
Perceptions of safety	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	In your day-to-day life, overall how safe do you feel in the following situations? At work Waiting for or using public transport such as buses and trains during the day Waiting for or using public transport such as buses and trains at night Walking alone during the day in your neighbourhood Walking alone at night in your neighbourhood
Discrimination (perceived and actual)	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	In the last 12 months, have you been treated unfairly or had something nasty done to you because of the group you belong to or seem to belong to? How many times has this happened? What situations were you discriminated about? Examples of response options include: At home On the street or in a public place of any kind Why do you think people discriminated against you when you were in that situation? Examples of response options include: My skin colour My nationality, race or ethnic group
Discrimination (perceived and actual)	Human Rights Commission	To be investigated further includes Number of complaints made by migrants due to discrimination

NZSS Intermediate Level Goal: Migrants, refugees and their families accept and respect the New Zealand way of life and contribute to civic, community and social activities
Potential indicator	Source	Question asked
Unpaid work outside home	Census Five yearly Last run in 2006	In the last 4 weeks, which of these have you done without pay? Examples of response options include: Helped someone who is ill or has a disability Other help or voluntary work
Unpaid work outside home	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	In the last four weeks, did you do any voluntary work for a group or organisation? How often? Did you give any help that you did not get paid for? How often did you give that help to them?
Active participation in local community	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	Apart from the voluntary work you've just told me about, in the last four weeks, did you take part in any [other] activity organised by a group or organisation? How often did you take part in those activities?
Participation in arts/cultural activities	SEFS Yearly Last run in 2007	What social clubs or groups are you involved in? Examples of response options include: Ethnic association Cultural/hobby group
Voter registration and voting	GSS Two yearly First time in 2008	Did you vote in the last election? What is the reason you didn't vote? Examples of response options include: I didn't know about the election I didn't know enough about how to vote The last time you can remember a local government election in an area you were living, did you vote? What is the reason you didn't vote? Examples of response options include: I didn't know about the election I didn't know enough about how to vote

^[6] It is noted that the indicators presented here are those that are closely related to the stated objectives of the NZSS. It is anticipated that the SKB framework evidence mapping may highlight additional indicator areas (for example, remittances back to source country) that it may be worthwhile to further examine as part of an overall settlement monitoring approach.

^[7] A detailed list of potential sub-group disaggregation that would or would not be available for each indicator question has not been provided in this working paper as this current phase of work focuses on confirming the indicators which will then be further developed for reporting purposes.

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DEVELOPING A NEW ZEALAND SETTLEMENT KNOWLEDGE BASE:

5 NEW ZEALAND SETTLEMENT STRATEGY INDICATORS